![]() ![]() Our language shows a difference between how we move with respect to time in phrases like “'time flies” versus “we’re approaching the end of the year” (Lakoff 41-44).Īdditional examples include “ideas are cutting instruments” (how would that relate to the cloth metaphor?) (Lakoff 48). In Chapter 9, “Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence,” Lakoff and Johnson consider Charles Fillmore’s observation that we have an apparent contradiction with the opposing metaphors to describe time in the English language (41-45). Lakoff and Johnson discuss metonymic metaphors such as “the part of the whole” and “the place for the institution,” and note that these metaphors structure our language and thought, as they become fundamental to our experience, given that we make associations naturally (38-40). ![]() They give examples of container and substance metaphors, such as “visual field” and activities as containers (30-31). They give examples of ontological metaphors as “inflation is an entity” and “the mind is a machine” (25-28). They note that metaphors have “cultural coherence” and represent the values of the group experiencing them (22). Lakoff and Johnson discuss the orientational metaphor of time, where “foreseeable future events are up (and ahead)” (16). Lakoff and Johnson show that our conceptual systems are metaphorical that our metaphors are systematic and that all metaphors veil other truths by speaking in terms of prior experience (3 7 10). ![]() Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. ![]()
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